{
  "generatedAt": "2026-06-02T13:24:23.477Z",
  "lastUpdated": "2026-06-02",
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "ownership",
      "title": "Ownership & cost",
      "intro": "Who owns, who rents, and what housing costs."
    },
    {
      "id": "condition",
      "title": "Defects & damage",
      "intro": "Physical problems homes reported in the last year."
    },
    {
      "id": "pests",
      "title": "Pests",
      "intro": "Homes reporting signs of rodents or insects."
    },
    {
      "id": "systems",
      "title": "Systems & utilities",
      "intro": "The equipment a home runs on — and when it fails."
    },
    {
      "id": "profile",
      "title": "Home age, size & structure",
      "intro": "How old, how big, and how the housing stock is built."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "shortName": "ACS 2024",
      "survey": "American Community Survey 2024 (1-year)",
      "agency": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
      "year": 2024,
      "sampleNote": "~3.5M housing units",
      "hasMoe": true
    },
    {
      "shortName": "AHS 2023",
      "survey": "American Housing Survey 2023 (National)",
      "agency": "U.S. Census Bureau",
      "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
      "year": 2023,
      "sampleNote": "48,527 occupied homes",
      "hasMoe": true
    },
    {
      "shortName": "EIA RECS 2020",
      "survey": "Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2020",
      "agency": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
      "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/",
      "year": 2020,
      "sampleNote": "124M housing units",
      "hasMoe": false
    }
  ],
  "metricCount": 28,
  "metrics": [
    {
      "id": "homeownership-rate",
      "section": "ownership",
      "label": "Homeownership rate",
      "blurb": "Share of occupied homes that are owner-occupied rather than rented.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 86635506,
        "percent": 65.3,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0.2,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "median-home-value",
      "section": "ownership",
      "label": "Median home value",
      "blurb": "Median value of owner-occupied homes (owner's estimate of sale price).",
      "universe": "owner-occupied",
      "unit": "usd",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": null,
        "percent": null,
        "median": 360600,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": 618,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [
        {
          "source": "AHS 2023",
          "year": 2023,
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
          "count": null,
          "percent": null,
          "median": 347582,
          "countMoe": null,
          "percentMoe": null,
          "medianMoe": null,
          "sampleSize": 28192,
          "note": null
        }
      ],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "median": 290141
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "owners-with-mortgage",
      "section": "ownership",
      "label": "Owners with a mortgage",
      "blurb": "Share of owner-occupied homes that carry a mortgage rather than being owned free and clear.",
      "universe": "owner-occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 51697973,
        "percent": 59.7,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0.1,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "median-gross-rent",
      "section": "ownership",
      "label": "Median gross rent",
      "blurb": "Median monthly rent plus utilities for renter-occupied homes.",
      "universe": "renter-occupied",
      "unit": "usd",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": null,
        "percent": null,
        "median": 1487,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": 3,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "inadequate-homes",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes with physical inadequacies",
      "blurb": "Occupied homes the Census classifies as moderately or severely physically inadequate.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 6500000,
        "percent": 4.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 294951,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 5.2,
        "count": 6700000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "outside-leaks",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes with water leaks from outside",
      "blurb": "Homes reporting any leak from outside (roof, walls, windows, basement, or foundation) in the last 12 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 11800000,
        "percent": 8.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 389665,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 8.9,
        "count": 11400000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "inside-leaks",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes with water leaks from inside",
      "blurb": "Homes reporting any leak from inside (pipes, fixtures, or water heater) in the last 12 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 11200000,
        "percent": 8.4,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 380490,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 8.1,
        "count": 10500000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mold",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes with mold",
      "blurb": "Homes reporting visible mold in at least one room in the last 12 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 3900000,
        "percent": 3,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 230620,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48163,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 3,
        "count": 3800000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "peeling-paint",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes with peeling paint",
      "blurb": "Homes with interior or exterior peeling paint larger than 8 by 11 inches.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 2900000,
        "percent": 2.2,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 199576,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 2.2,
        "count": 2800000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "foundation-cracks",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes with foundation or wall cracks",
      "blurb": "Homes with a crumbling foundation or open cracks/holes in interior walls or ceilings.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 11000000,
        "percent": 8.2,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 377362,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 8.6,
        "count": 11000000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lacking-plumbing",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Homes lacking complete plumbing",
      "blurb": "Occupied homes that lack hot and cold piped water, a flush toilet, or a bathtub/shower.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 546628,
        "percent": 0.4,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "overcrowded",
      "section": "condition",
      "label": "Overcrowded homes",
      "blurb": "Occupied homes with more than one occupant per room.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 4703147,
        "percent": 3.5,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "rodents",
      "section": "pests",
      "label": "Homes with signs of rodents",
      "blurb": "Homes reporting signs of mice or rats in the last 12 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 15700000,
        "percent": 11.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 442784,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 11.9,
        "count": 15300000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cockroaches",
      "section": "pests",
      "label": "Homes with signs of cockroaches",
      "blurb": "Homes reporting signs of cockroaches in the last 12 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 15700000,
        "percent": 11.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 442784,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 11.3,
        "count": 14500000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "air-conditioning",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes with air conditioning",
      "blurb": "Homes with central air conditioning or one or more room units.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 124000000,
        "percent": 93.1,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 490155,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [
        {
          "source": "EIA RECS 2020",
          "year": 2020,
          "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/",
          "count": 109511484,
          "percent": 88.7,
          "median": null,
          "countMoe": null,
          "percentMoe": null,
          "medianMoe": null,
          "sampleSize": null,
          "note": null
        }
      ],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 92.4,
        "count": 118800000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "electric-heating",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes heated with electricity",
      "blurb": "Homes whose main heating fuel is electricity (vs. gas, oil, or other).",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 55481476,
        "percent": 41.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0.1,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "solar-panels",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes with solar panels",
      "blurb": "Homes with solar panels installed on the property.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 6800000,
        "percent": 5.1,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 301351,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48318,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [
        {
          "source": "EIA RECS 2020",
          "year": 2020,
          "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/",
          "count": 3648369,
          "percent": 4,
          "median": null,
          "countMoe": null,
          "percentMoe": null,
          "medianMoe": null,
          "sampleSize": null,
          "note": "of homes where applicable"
        }
      ],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 3.8,
        "count": 4900000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "septic-systems",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes on a septic system",
      "blurb": "Homes whose wastewater is handled by a septic tank or cesspool — a maintenance job that falls on the owner.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 24600000,
        "percent": 18.5,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 534669,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48445,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 15.2,
        "count": 19500000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "well-water",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes on well water",
      "blurb": "Homes that draw water from a private well rather than a public system.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 13900000,
        "percent": 10.4,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 419544,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48527,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 10.7,
        "count": 13700000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "heating-failure",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes that were uncomfortably cold",
      "blurb": "Homes that were uncomfortably cold last winter because the heating could not keep them warm.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 10000000,
        "percent": 7.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 361151,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 46548,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 9.4,
        "count": 11400000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "blown-fuses",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes with blown fuses or tripped breakers",
      "blurb": "Homes that had at least one fuse blow or breaker trip in the last 3 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 10400000,
        "percent": 7.8,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 367753,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48477,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 8,
        "count": 10200000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "toilet-breakdown",
      "section": "systems",
      "label": "Homes with toilet breakdowns",
      "blurb": "Homes where all toilets were broken at the same time at least once in the last 3 months.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "count",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 2300000,
        "percent": 1.7,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 178113,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 48498,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 2,
        "count": 2500000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "median-year-built",
      "section": "profile",
      "label": "Median year built",
      "blurb": "Median construction year across all U.S. housing units.",
      "universe": "all-units",
      "unit": "year",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": null,
        "percent": null,
        "median": 1981,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": 1,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "owner-built-before-1980",
      "section": "profile",
      "label": "Owner-occupied homes built before 1980",
      "blurb": "Owner-occupied homes built in 1979 or earlier — at least 44 years old.",
      "universe": "owner-occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 40801245,
        "percent": 47.1,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0.2,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [
        {
          "source": "AHS 2023",
          "year": 2023,
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
          "count": 42200000,
          "percent": 48.6,
          "median": null,
          "countMoe": 635086,
          "percentMoe": null,
          "medianMoe": null,
          "sampleSize": 28192,
          "note": null
        }
      ],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 49.5,
        "count": 40800000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "owner-built-before-1940",
      "section": "profile",
      "label": "Owner-occupied homes built before 1940",
      "blurb": "Owner-occupied homes built in 1939 or earlier — old enough to predate most modern wiring, plumbing, and lead-paint rules.",
      "universe": "owner-occupied",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": 9600000,
        "percent": 11,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": 354442,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 28192,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [
        {
          "source": "ACS 2024",
          "year": 2024,
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
          "count": 9157846,
          "percent": 10.6,
          "median": null,
          "countMoe": null,
          "percentMoe": 0.1,
          "medianMoe": null,
          "sampleSize": null,
          "note": null
        }
      ],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "percent": 11,
        "count": 9100000
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "single-family-detached",
      "section": "profile",
      "label": "Single-family detached homes",
      "blurb": "Share of all housing units that are single-family detached houses.",
      "universe": "all-units",
      "unit": "percent",
      "featured": true,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": 89646723,
        "percent": 61.1,
        "median": null,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": 0.1,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": null,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": null
    },
    {
      "id": "median-rooms",
      "section": "profile",
      "label": "Median rooms per home",
      "blurb": "Median number of rooms per occupied home, excluding bathrooms.",
      "universe": "occupied",
      "unit": "rooms",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "ACS 2024",
        "year": 2024,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs",
        "count": null,
        "percent": null,
        "median": 5.5,
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        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": 0.1,
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        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [
        {
          "source": "AHS 2023",
          "year": 2023,
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
          "count": null,
          "percent": null,
          "median": 6,
          "countMoe": null,
          "percentMoe": null,
          "medianMoe": null,
          "sampleSize": 48527,
          "note": null
        }
      ],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "median": 6
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "median-tenure",
      "section": "profile",
      "label": "Median years in the home",
      "blurb": "How long the current owner has lived in the home.",
      "universe": "owner-occupied",
      "unit": "years",
      "featured": false,
      "primary": {
        "source": "AHS 2023",
        "year": 2023,
        "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs.html",
        "count": null,
        "percent": null,
        "median": 11,
        "countMoe": null,
        "percentMoe": null,
        "medianMoe": null,
        "sampleSize": 28192,
        "note": null
      },
      "crossChecks": [],
      "trend": {
        "year": 2021,
        "median": 12
      }
    }
  ]
}